Shi Tao's case: Yahoo! knew more than they claimed

Yahoo! executives say one thing in public, an official Chinese document says something else. Oops.

I just discovered today that the Dui Hua Foundation, which does excellent, low-key work on Chinese human rights issues, has a blog. Last week they posted a full English translation (PDF) of a document that has surfaced recently on the web: the Beijing State Security Bureau's request to Yahoo!'s Beijing office for information about the e-mail account huoyan1989@yahoo.com.cn. That's the account used by Chinese journalist Shi Tao, who is now doing 10 years in jail for divulging state secrets.

The folks at Dui Hua say they've examined the document and believe it to be authentic. If it is indeed authentic, this document would seem to clear up any lingering questions about whether Yahoo!'s Hong Kong office was involved in handing over Shi Tao's account information.

But it also raises new questions. Here is what the document says (emphasis added):

Beijing State Security Bureau
Notice of Evidence Collection

[2004] BJ State Sec. Ev. Coll. No. 02

Beijing Representative Office, Yahoo! (HK) Holdings Ltd.:

According to investigation, your office is in possession of the following items relating to a case of suspecting illegal provision of state secrets to foreign entities that is currently under investigation by our bureau. In accordance with  Article 45 of the Criminal Procedure Law of the PRC, [these items] may be  collected. The items for collection are:

Email account registration information for huoyan1989@yahoo.com.cn, all  login times, corresponding IP addresses, and relevant email content from February  22, 2004 to present. 

Beijing State Security Bureau (seal)  April 22, 2004

So Yahoo!'s Beijing office was informed from the beginning that this was not an investigation into a potential murderer, thief, child pornographer, or terrorist, but somebody suspected of giving "state secrets" to foreigners. As Dui Hua's Joshua Rosenzweig says: "One does not have to be an expert in Chinese law to know that "state secrets" charges have often been used to punish political dissent in China."

Now here is what Yahoo! General Counsel Michael Callahan told a U.S. Congressional hearing on February 15, 2006 (emphasis added):

The Shi Tao case raises profound and troubling questions about basic human rights.  Nevertheless, it is important to lay out the facts. When Yahoo! China in Beijing was required to provide information about the user, who we later learned was Shi Tao, we had no information about the nature of the investigation.  Indeed, we were unaware of the particular facts surrounding the case until the news story emerged.  Law enforcement agencies in China, the United States, and elsewhere typically do not explain to information technology companies or other businesses why they demand specific information regarding certain individuals.  In many cases, Yahoo! does not know the real identity of individuals for whom governments request information, as very often our users subscribe to our services without using their real names.

Read the full testimony here (PDF). 

Now we know that when Callahan said "we had no information about the nature of the investigation," he was not telling the truth.

What Yahoo! China's employees in Beijing might have done differently without getting themselves in trouble is an open question.

Still, the fact is that Callahan did not tell the truth to Congress. Was he was deliberately lying? Or are Yahoo!'s internal communications and record keeping just so bad that he didn't have full information from the Beijing office?

That makes me wonder: what else did the Beijing office do - or have knowledge of in relation to the case of Shi Tao and others who are now in jail - which Yahoo! execs are keeping mum about... if they even have any idea themselves?

Comments

[Appalled Dude]

It's quite interesting how the Chinese government requested for "relevant email content."

Can we assume that, to be able to comply with such requests, an email provider must keep track of messages' content?

If so, can we then assume people share their messages with two entities, the recipient and the provider, in a sort of automatic carbon copy?

A number of questions comes out naturally:

1. What is Yahoo's policy about message content storage? In other terms, is that legal to keep track of the content of an email?

2. Have they complied with Chinese request of sharing the abovementioned "relevant content"?
(If the Chinese journalist is serving 10 years in prison, we should assume that the government was able to collect some evidence against him...)

3. What about people's rights?

Not being an expert, I would like to find an answer to these questions.

[M. Simon]

I have a Yahoo account. My e-mails are kept on Yahoo's server.

I consider anything I write an open book. If not now later.

How can it be otherwise? Yahoo keeps the copies.

[papertiger]

The way I heard it if and or when you sign into Yahoo there is a waver or yahoo policy that you have to accept the terms of (with a check box) in order to use their service. This allows them to give any of the emails you send through their service to any third party, without legal repercussions.
Yahoo.

[Not a Yank]

This is a good reason to use OpenPGP
http://enigmail.mozdev.org

[Sean]

Frontline has aired what I would identify as an intriguing documentary, The Tank Man (2006), primarily regarding the Chinese-government-enforced cultural whitewash, in China.

The producers to the documentary had taken, as a keynote: The incident in Tienanmen square, and the moment at when the singular Chinese citizen stood defiantly before the tank of the Chinese army, halting it in its course.

The identity of that man is now like a black hole. Nothing is known either of his identity, nor of his whereabouts. More significantly, no word of that encounter now exists in Chinese cultural discourse -- they do not know of him, they have not seen his picture, and US companies are de-facto aiding the Chinese government in ensuring that they will not. Middle-class (?) kids are going through Chinese college, thence emerging into what mainstream culture, only partly aware of the real history of China.

and China is to be an ally to the US? Allied, on commerce -- corporations protecting "the bottom line" -- is there anything else, to it?

In the documentary, they mentioned a certain hearing of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs (109th Congress) in which representatives of Yahoo, Microsoft, Cisco, and Google were invited to make testimony, as about their companies' roles in assisting the Chinese government to maintain the said whitewash. Transcripts are available (HTML) (PDF, 8 MB) (Written responses by Yahoo) (Written responses by Mr. James Kieth).

They mentioned more than that, to be sure -- I just wanted to fish up those couple of leads, there. The House's web-site is not tops for usability.

[Rebecca MacKinnon]

Hi folks! For those of you who are visiting my blog for the first time courtesy of Glenn, welcome!

I've been writing about Yahoo! and its behavior in China, including the Shi Tao case, for the past year and a half so didn't go into a lot of the background of the case on this post. Just gave an update. For a good comprehensive overview of Yahoo!'s conduct in China see this section of a Human Rights Watch report that I helped write last year.

A good summary of the Shi Tao case is on the BBC site here.

Sean, the hearing you mention is the same hearing I cited in my post - the Yahoo general counsel's testimony I quoted was given then.

For those who are particularly interested in this issue, see the Yahoo and Corporate Responsibility categories of this blog for everything I know about this case and every possible bit of context, plus some.

M. Simon, I couldn't agree more with your view, and papertiger is absolutely right. Unless you're using OpenPGP as suggested by Not a Yank and/or other strong encryption, we should always assume that any e-mail we send is about as private as a postcard. Or certainly don't go expecting your e-mail to be more private than that if you're sending information that would really ruin your life if it got read by a third party.

[mahathir_fan]

Have I found someone with the same interest as I on the Tiananmen Square incident? Is it Sean??

I discredited the coverage of Tiananmen square by the PBS show Tank man several years ago. You can watch it again. In it was a man who claimed that the PLA had gunned down an ambulance. The corresponding video footage of it showed an ambulance running at high speed hitting a barrier. But the crowd reaction prior to the impact did not show gun shot reaction.

---------------------

Also don’t worry, nobody died on June 4th on Tiananmen Square…

Video evidence: http://youtube.com/watch?v=igsW5yQ6428

Fast forward to 5:57 time.
(Movie clip time:5:57) Student leader (Hu dejian) said (translation from Mandarin):
Many people say that at Tiananmen square about 2,000 were shot or perhaps several hundred were
shot. On the square were tanks that crushed people and students etc. etc.
I would like to stress that I did not witness this a bit.

I wonder, do we need to make up lies to fight our enemies who lie? This only satisfies our temporary anger. But if this lie is exposed, then we will be in jeopardy because we will then be powerless to do anything else.

----------------

Here student leader DeJian who was on the square until the square was evacuated bears witness that not a single of his protestors died that day. That notion of tanks moving into the square to crush the students or fire aimlessly at them resulting in a mass slaugther of thousands of bodies on Tiananmen Square is nothing but a lie. A lie that was probably created by fellow student protestors to discredit the Chinese government. He warns them to not use such techniques.

Did you learn that from that PBS documentary? Probably not. So you should start questioning the impartiality of that documentary.

Watch the documentary that I link to above instead.

So what about the people who actually die on June 4? There was indeed confrontation but it happened elsewhere. The PLA had shown great restrain to the use of force including the tank man incident where the tank didnt' use force to remove the man. So I can only guess that the confrontation happened due to over emotional crowds taking matters into their own hands - throwing molokov cocktails at the PLA etc. etc. resulting in a necessary retaliation of force by the PLA. In the process, innocent bystandders get caught in the cross fire.

[charles liu]

Appalled Dude, have you heard of this thing called "National Security Letter"? That's right, we Americans are pretty much under the same rule.

Heck if your email is demanded by the FBI, the demand itself is a national secret. And if your ISP refuse or talk, they are guilty of some nebulous "material support" charge - kinda like China's "state secret" ain't it?

[jams]

I hate Yahoo for this - they are collaborators.

I will never click a link to any Yahoo domain.

I call on others to do the same - in short a total boycott of Yahoo and all Yahoo products such as Flickr.

They honestly make me so angry I would hit them hard if I met them, scum, rats, grasses.

[Michael Turton]

emerging into what mainstream culture, only partly aware of the real history of China.

and China is to be an ally to the US? Allied, on commerce -- corporations protecting "the bottom line" -- is there anything else, to it?

No. The Council on Foreign Relations, the think tank that represents the US establishment, has basically declared China's future to be rosy, all systems go, etc. I just blogged on this:

Waldron demurs on CFR report. It's a disaster -- for the 23 million people of Taiwan, whom the CFR has basically elected to sell out, and for the 1.3 billion people of China, who are stuck with this regime for the foreseeable future. Our defeat in Iraq is more than just a disaster for the US and for Iraq, it is a major issue for all the places where US pressure might have helped shape positive outcomes.

Michael

[NelC]

mahathir_fan, your apologia for the Chinese government is rather thin. As a troll, you have a lot to learn. Such an obvious piece of quote-mining. I, myself, did not witness anything at Tiananmin Square, but that means nothing because I wasn't there. This guy saw nothing, you say? Well, what does that prove? Who is he? Where was he?

The eminent and respected BBC journalist Kate Adie was there, and she seems to be in no doubt that there was a massacre. Are you accusing her of lying? Of keeping up the lie for eighteen years? Of faking the injuries she suffered getting her videotape away?

You're going to have to produce something a little more compelling to convince the rest of the world that your amateur propaganda is the truth.

[mahathir_fan]

"This guy saw nothing, you say? Well, what does that prove? Who is he? Where was he?"

Obviously you have not even bothered to view the youtube link I sent you or maybe you don't understand mandarin. If you did, you would know that he is Hou DeJian, one of the more prominent leaders of the June 4th demonstration.

After you find out more about the truth about Tiananmen, then go and read:
http://www.alternativeinsight.com/Tiananmen.html

Don't worry. I too was once ignorant like you. For a little over 10 years, I thought a massacre had happened on June 4th and 2000 students died. I believed that because that was what the "respectable" Western news media reported.

Then one day, I had the opportunity to meet a student from Mainland China and I "lecture" him about June 4th. He defended and was stubborn like an ass.

I then decided that I needed to dig more evidence myself to convince him of the "evil" Chinese government instead of just "passing" over to him what I know about Tiananmen from the Western media. Obviously, his interpretation of Tiananmen was so screwd he must be one of the products of Chinese government propaganda.

But the more I tried to dig the truth about Tiananmen, the more I realized that it was me who had been misled. Even the most sticking vivid picture of Tianmen - tanks rolling into the square, spraying bullets on the students resulting in a mass massacre did not even happen! Not a single person died on the Square that day!

I realized that the guy from Mainland China was right. And I who had access to the "free" media was dead wrong. I could not rely on the media to tell me what happen. I had to do my own research to get it. And that is my advice to you.

[Matt Harwood]

May I just say, Rebecca, you are providing an important service here - and I would like to sincerely thank you for your posts.

Yahoo! has angered me here, possibly even more than when Google censored and the click of China's fingers. I'm considering relieving myself of their services - and notifying them why. I just have an important email address there, which is annoying!

Keep up the great work, love the blog, subscribed :) (Found you via techmeme.com)

[Charles Liu]

Nel, find time to take a look the Columbia School of Journalism's TAM retrospective:

http://archives.cjr.org/year/98/5/tiananmen.asp

Here's a memoir from journalist Graham Earnshaw disputing fellow reporter Elizabeth Pisani who left the scene but claims to have seen tanks roll over students.

http://www.earnshaw.com/memoirs/content.php?id=16

[Sonagi]

Mahathir Fan is a troll well-known in the Korea blogosphere. He was kicked off one blog for making other outrageous assertions. My favorite: The North Korean famine was made up. Mahathir Fan's evidence: a photo of North Korean children eating. I kid you not. Even the North Koreans never denied they had a food shortage.

[mahathir_fan]

I was kicked out because the people could not handle someone constantly skewing their agenda.

I never denied there was a famine in North Korea in the mid 90s. What I do question is the dramatization and subsequent politicization of the famine.

For instance, many famine photos of North Korean famine is in black and white. This strikes me as odd. Who shoots with Black and White photos anymore? My only reasonable guess is that these pieces of photos had passed through the hands of a Public Relations Firm. If that is the case, then I need to ever more scrutinize it because the people showing these photos have an agenda so important they paid a PR firm to do the job instead of giving the money to the North Korean children!

Also the use of black and white photo when the photo was originaly shot in colour for the purpose of dramatizing a tragedy is clearly violation of the ethics of journalism. The usage of black and white colour photos is a technique that is commonly seen in political ads because it works. How it violates the code of ethics? Here:

http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp

Journalists should: — Never distort the content of news photos or video. Image enhancement for technical clarity is always permissible. Label montages and photo illustrations.

I also discredited a scene in Seoul Train which showed children eating from the ground. Through replay, I noticed the scene was taken from a marketplace. There were food on the stalls. But the children were still eating from the ground. So I suspect that this part have been coached.

And what happens when we the ordinary readers do not ask question to test the integrity of the story? We will believe that there are still weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and that 2000 people were crushed by tanks on Tiananmen Square.

[Andrew]

Let's say you're an employee of a company working in China. The Chinese government subpoenas you to provide some information on someone they are investigating.

What are your options?
1. Comply, possibly give up one of your customers
2. Fight it, likely go to jail
3. Lie, say you don't have it, probably go to jail

It's a no-win situation if the government is going after good people.

For American companies, the choice is really to comply or to not to do business in China. American companies don't want their Chinese workers to end up in Chinese jail.

The only difference between if this were the US is that complying is less likely to result in something bad. However, jail in the US is also much more pleasant than China's prisons.

[J.S.]

mahathir_fan your words are thinly vailed excuses and poor propaganda at best. Stop leaving rubbish on good posts; My grandfather was at the Square on that fateful day and it was indeed a mssacare.

To denounce the experiences of so many people and to lie about things you don't understand is not only a atrocity of monumental proportion, it is also a sign of how sick and corrupt some people can be.

Whoever you may be, scurry quickly now back to your corporate or political masters to eat from their hands and sniff the ume of their feet you wretched.